{"id":6519,"date":"2026-08-02T02:59:16","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T02:59:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/?p=6519"},"modified":"2026-08-02T03:06:54","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T03:06:54","slug":"liver-health","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/liver-health\/","title":{"rendered":"Liver health"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"6519\" class=\"elementor elementor-6519\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6cd643 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a6cd643\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71611b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"71611b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!DOCTYPE html><html lang=\"en-GB\"><head><meta charset=\"utf-8\"><meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\"><title>Liver FibroScan\u00ae UK: Liver Fat, Fibrosis & Cirrhosis Assessment | UKSONO Healthcare<\/title><meta name=\"description\" content=\"A detailed guide to Liver FibroScan\u00ae, liver stiffness, fatty liver, fibrosis and cirrhosis assessment. Learn who may benefit and book privately with UKSONO Healthcare.\"><meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index,follow,max-image-preview:large\"><link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uksono.com\/\"><meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\"><meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Liver FibroScan\u00ae: A Complete Guide to Liver Fat and Fibrosis\"><meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Understand what FibroScan measures, who may benefit and how results are interpreted.\"><meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"UKSONO Healthcare\"><style>\r\n:root{--navy:#062f5f;--navy2:#0d4f86;--teal:#0f766e;--green:#35b86b;--green-soft:#eaf8f1;--gold:#c79b32;--ink:#172f43;--muted:#627587;--line:#dce7ef;--paper:#fff;--soft:#f5f8fb;--blue-soft:#edf6ff;--orange:#d8893c;--red:#b65050;--shadow:0 20px 65px 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.65fr;gap:30px;align-items:center;box-shadow:var(--shadow)}.booking h2{color:#fff;margin:0 0 14px}.bookbtn{display:block;background:var(--green);color:#062f1b;text-decoration:none;text-align:center;padding:17px;border-radius:14px;font-weight:900}\r\nfooter{background:#041f3c;color:#c8d8e7;padding:40px 5vw;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:25px;flex-wrap:wrap}footer strong{color:#fff}\r\n@media(max-width:920px){.hero,.toc,.grid2,.grid3,.grid4,.picture-band,.booking{grid-template-columns:1fr}.toclinks{columns:1}.hero-media{min-height:430px}.pathway{grid-template-columns:1fr}.path:not(:last-child):after{content:\"\u2193\";right:49%;top:auto;bottom:-23px}.barrow{grid-template-columns:125px 1fr 50px}}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n\"@graph\":[\r\n{\"@type\":\"MedicalWebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uksono.com\/#fibroscan-guide\",\"name\":\"Liver FibroScan\u00ae: A Complete Guide to Liver Fat and 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cirrhosis, but no single result should be interpreted alone.\"}}]}\r\n]\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\r\n<\/head><body>\r\n<div class=\"topbar\"><div><b>UKSONO<\/b> HEALTHCARE<\/div><div>Liver FibroScan\u00ae \u00b7 Liver ultrasound \u00b7 Preventive liver assessment<\/div><\/div>\r\n<nav><a class=\"logo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uksono.com\/\">UKSONO <span>Healthcare<\/span><\/a><a class=\"navbtn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uksono.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Book a Liver FibroScan\u00ae<\/a><\/nav>\r\n\r\n<header class=\"hero\">\r\n<div class=\"hero-copy\"><span class=\"eyebrow\">Evidence-based liver assessment<\/span><h1>Your liver. <span>Your future.<\/span><\/h1><p>A comprehensive UK guide to Liver FibroScan\u00ae, liver fat, fibrosis, cirrhosis risk, clinical indications, result interpretation and the role of early non-invasive assessment.<\/p><div class=\"actions\"><a class=\"btn primary\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uksono.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Book online<\/a><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"#guide\">Read the complete guide<\/a><\/div><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"hero-media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/women-pelvic-scan.png\" alt=\"UKSONO Healthcare ultrasound examination\"><div class=\"floatcard\"><strong>Quick. Non-invasive. Radiation-free.<\/strong><span>FibroScan estimates liver stiffness and liver fat, but results must be interpreted with clinical history, blood tests and imaging where relevant.<\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n<\/header>\r\n\r\n<main id=\"guide\">\r\n<div class=\"toc\"><h2>In this guide<\/h2><div class=\"toclinks\"><a href=\"#why\">Why liver health matters<\/a><a href=\"#what\">What FibroScan is<\/a><a href=\"#measures\">What it measures<\/a><a href=\"#indications\">Who may benefit<\/a><a href=\"#procedure\">What happens<\/a><a href=\"#results\">Understanding results<\/a><a href=\"#comparison\">Comparison with other tests<\/a><a href=\"#limitations\">Limitations<\/a><a href=\"#faq\">FAQs<\/a><a href=\"#references\">References<\/a><\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"why\"><span class=\"eyebrow\">Why early assessment matters<\/span><h2>Liver disease can progress silently<\/h2><p class=\"lead\">The liver can continue functioning despite significant injury. Fat accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis may therefore develop without obvious symptoms, making targeted risk assessment especially important in people with metabolic, alcohol-related, viral or other recognised liver risks.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"grid3\"><div class=\"stat\"><b>9 in 10<\/b><span>adult liver disease cases are considered preventable by the British Liver Trust.<\/span><\/div><div class=\"stat\"><b>64%<\/b><span>of UK adults are reported as overweight or living with obesity.<\/span><\/div><div class=\"stat\"><b>18\u201324%<\/b><span>of people in the UK are estimated to drink above the low-risk alcohol guideline.<\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pathway\"><div class=\"path\"><b>Risk factors<\/b><span>Metabolic, alcohol-related, viral or other injury<\/span><\/div><div class=\"path\"><b>Steatosis<\/b><span>Fat accumulates in liver cells<\/span><\/div><div class=\"path\"><b>Inflammation<\/b><span>Ongoing injury develops in some people<\/span><\/div><div class=\"path\"><b>Fibrosis<\/b><span>Scar tissue forms and may progress<\/span><\/div><div class=\"path\"><b>Cirrhosis<\/b><span>Advanced scarring with complication risk<\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"small\">This is a simplified educational pathway. Not everyone with steatosis progresses, and progression varies between individuals.<\/p><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\"><div class=\"picture-band\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/women-pelvic-scan.png\" alt=\"Specialist ultrasound examination at UKSONO Healthcare\"><div class=\"picture-copy\"><span class=\"eyebrow\">Proactive liver care<\/span><h2>Why UKSONO focuses on early assessment<\/h2><p>UKSONO Healthcare combines advanced ultrasound technology, experienced specialist practitioners and evidence-based pathways to help identify clinically important liver risk before complications develop.<\/p><p>Depending on the selected package, assessment may combine FibroScan with diagnostic liver ultrasound, relevant blood testing and clear recommendations for onward care.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"what\"><span class=\"eyebrow\">The technology<\/span><h2>What is a Liver FibroScan\u00ae?<\/h2><div class=\"grid2\"><div><p>FibroScan is a proprietary form of <strong>vibration-controlled transient elastography<\/strong>. A probe placed over the right upper abdomen produces a gentle mechanical pulse while ultrasound tracks the resulting wave through the liver.<\/p><p>The speed of the wave is used to estimate <strong>liver stiffness<\/strong>. The system can also calculate <strong>Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP)<\/strong>, which estimates ultrasound attenuation associated with liver fat.<\/p><div class=\"notice\"><strong>Important:<\/strong> FibroScan is not the same as a conventional abdominal ultrasound. The tests answer different questions and are often complementary.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"card\"><div class=\"icon\">\u25c9<\/div><h3>What patients usually experience<\/h3><ul><li>Probe placed between the ribs over the liver<\/li><li>Brief tapping sensations<\/li><li>No needles or sedation<\/li><li>No ionising radiation<\/li><li>No routine recovery period<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"measures\"><span class=\"eyebrow\">Two complementary measurements<\/span><h2>What does FibroScan measure?<\/h2><div class=\"grid2\"><div class=\"measure\"><h3>1. Liver stiffness measurement<\/h3><p>Reported in <strong>kilopascals (kPa)<\/strong>. Higher stiffness may be associated with increasing fibrosis, but inflammation, cholestasis, congestion, recent food intake and technical factors may also raise the result.<\/p><div class=\"meter\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"labels\"><span>Lower<\/span><span>Intermediate<\/span><span>Higher<\/span><span>Very high<\/span><\/div><p class=\"small\">There is no single universal kPa cut-off for every liver condition.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"measure\"><h3>2. Controlled Attenuation Parameter<\/h3><p>Reported in <strong>dB\/m<\/strong>. CAP estimates hepatic steatosis and may be described as absent\/minimal, mild, moderate or severe.<\/p><div class=\"meter\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"labels\"><span>Minimal<\/span><span>Mild<\/span><span>Moderate<\/span><span>Severe<\/span><\/div><p class=\"small\">CAP thresholds vary between populations, probes, liver conditions and protocols.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"indications\"><span class=\"eyebrow\">Clinical indications<\/span><h2>Who may benefit from a Liver FibroScan?<\/h2><div class=\"grid3\"><article class=\"card\"><div class=\"icon\">\u2695<\/div><h3>Metabolic risk<\/h3><ul><li>Fatty liver on imaging<\/li><li>Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes<\/li><li>Overweight, obesity or increased waist circumference<\/li><li>High triglycerides or dyslipidaemia<\/li><li>Hypertension or metabolic syndrome<\/li><\/ul><\/article><article class=\"card\"><div class=\"icon\">\u2301<\/div><h3>Abnormal tests<\/h3><ul><li>Raised ALT, AST or GGT<\/li><li>Persistently abnormal liver blood tests<\/li><li>Low platelets or other concern for advanced disease<\/li><li>Incidental imaging findings requiring fibrosis assessment<\/li><\/ul><\/article><article class=\"card\"><div class=\"icon\">\u25ce<\/div><h3>Known liver risk<\/h3><ul><li>Alcohol-related liver disease or sustained high alcohol exposure<\/li><li>Chronic hepatitis B or C<\/li><li>Selected autoimmune, cholestatic, genetic or medication-related conditions<\/li><li>Monitoring established liver disease where appropriate<\/li><\/ul><\/article><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"warning\"><strong>Urgent symptoms:<\/strong> jaundice, vomiting blood, black stools, confusion, severe abdominal swelling, collapse or rapidly worsening illness require urgent medical assessment. A private FibroScan appointment is not emergency care.<\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"procedure\"><span class=\"eyebrow\">Your appointment<\/span><h2>What happens before, during and after the examination?<\/h2><div class=\"grid2\"><div class=\"card\"><h3>Before the test<\/h3><ol><li>Follow the clinic\u2019s fasting instructions because food can affect liver stiffness.<\/li><li>Continue prescribed medicines unless advised otherwise.<\/li><li>Bring relevant blood tests, imaging and a medication list where available.<\/li><li>Tell the practitioner about pregnancy, implanted devices or conditions affecting positioning.<\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"card\"><h3>During and after<\/h3><ol><li>You usually lie on your back with your right arm raised.<\/li><li>The practitioner identifies a suitable intercostal window.<\/li><li>Multiple valid readings are taken to meet quality criteria.<\/li><li>The procedure commonly takes around 10\u201315 minutes.<\/li><li>You can normally return to usual activities immediately.<\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"results\"><span class=\"eyebrow\">Clinical interpretation<\/span><h2>Understanding the result: more than one number<\/h2><p class=\"lead\">A clinically useful result should consider measurement quality, the probe used, the reason for testing and conditions that can falsely elevate or reduce the reading.<\/p><div class=\"grid2\"><div class=\"card\"><h3>Quality indicators<\/h3><ul><li>Number of valid measurements<\/li><li>Reliability and variability criteria<\/li><li>Interquartile range relative to the median where relevant<\/li><li>Probe selection and technical limitations<\/li><li>Whether preparation requirements were met<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"card\"><h3>Clinical correlation<\/h3><ul><li>FIB-4 or other validated fibrosis scores<\/li><li>Liver blood tests and platelet count<\/li><li>Conventional liver ultrasound<\/li><li>Alcohol and medication history<\/li><li>Metabolic risk factors<\/li><li>Hepatology review or further testing when indicated<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"notice\"><strong>Avoid self-diagnosis using a generic F0\u2013F4 chart.<\/strong> Thresholds vary by liver condition and pathway. A result may support a fibrosis category, but does not replace full clinical assessment.<\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"comparison\"><span class=\"eyebrow\">Choosing the right test<\/span><h2>FibroScan vs conventional ultrasound vs liver biopsy<\/h2><div style=\"overflow-x:auto\"><table><thead><tr><th>Feature<\/th><th>FibroScan\u00ae<\/th><th>Conventional ultrasound<\/th><th>Liver biopsy<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Main role<\/td><td>Estimates stiffness and liver fat<\/td><td>Assesses liver structure, focal lesions, gallbladder, bile ducts and portal features<\/td><td>Provides microscopic tissue diagnosis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Invasive?<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>Yes \u2014 needle tissue sampling<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ionising radiation?<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>No, although image guidance may be used<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fibrosis assessment<\/td><td>Indirect through stiffness<\/td><td>Can show advanced disease features but is less sensitive for early fibrosis<\/td><td>Direct histological staging<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Focal masses<\/td><td>Not designed to characterise them<\/td><td>Can detect and assess many focal lesions<\/td><td>Characterises sampled tissue only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Repeat monitoring<\/td><td>Well suited where clinically appropriate<\/td><td>Well suited where clinically appropriate<\/td><td>Limited by invasiveness and sampling risk<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"limitations\"><span class=\"eyebrow\">Balanced, evidence-based care<\/span><h2>Limitations and factors affecting accuracy<\/h2><div class=\"grid3\"><div class=\"card\"><h3>Biological factors<\/h3><p>Acute inflammation, biliary obstruction, hepatic congestion and recent meals can increase stiffness independently of long-term fibrosis.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"card\"><h3>Technical factors<\/h3><p>Body habitus, narrow rib spaces, ascites, poor positioning or unsuitable probe selection can make readings unreliable or unobtainable.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"card\"><h3>Clinical limitations<\/h3><p>FibroScan does not detect every liver condition and does not replace blood tests, diagnostic ultrasound, MRI, specialist assessment or biopsy when indicated.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec faq\" id=\"faq\"><span class=\"eyebrow\">Questions patients ask<\/span><h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2><details open><summary>Does a normal liver blood test rule out fibrosis?<\/summary><p>No. Liver enzymes can be normal in some people with clinically important liver disease. Assessment should be based on overall risk and other tests where appropriate.<\/p><\/details><details><summary>Is FibroScan the same as ultrasound?<\/summary><p>No. FibroScan estimates stiffness and fat, while conventional ultrasound assesses anatomy and surrounding structures.<\/p><\/details><details><summary>Can fatty liver improve?<\/summary><p>In many people, sustained weight management, physical activity, diabetes control and reduced alcohol exposure can improve liver fat and reduce progression risk.<\/p><\/details><details><summary>Can FibroScan diagnose cirrhosis?<\/summary><p>A technically valid high stiffness result can support assessment for advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis, but no single measurement should be interpreted alone.<\/p><\/details><details><summary>How often should FibroScan be repeated?<\/summary><p>There is no universal interval. Repeat testing depends on the underlying condition, baseline result, treatment and clinical recommendation.<\/p><\/details><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"booking\"><div><span class=\"eyebrow\" style=\"background:rgba(255,255,255,.1);border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.2);color:#a7f0c0\">Take the next step<\/span><h2>Book your Liver FibroScan\u00ae<\/h2><p>Private liver assessment at Canary Wharf, Orpington or Tunbridge Wells.<\/p><p><strong>Website:<\/strong> www.uksono.com<br><strong>Telephone:<\/strong> 01892 251532<br><strong>Email:<\/strong> info@uksono.com<\/p><\/div><a class=\"bookbtn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uksono.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Book online now<\/a><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"references\"><h2>References and clinical sources<\/h2><div class=\"refs\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/htg682\/chapter\/2-The-diagnostic-test\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NICE. FibroScan for assessing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis outside secondary and specialist care.<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng50\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NICE NG50. Cirrhosis in over 16s: assessment and management.<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng49\/chapter\/recommendations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NICE NG49. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: assessment and management.<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/content\/67\/1\/6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsome PN et al. Guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests. Gut. 2018.<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/easl.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/EASL-Clinical-Practice-Guidelines-on-non-invasive-tests-for-evaluation-of-liver-disease-severity-and-prognosis-%E2%80%93-2021-update.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on non-invasive tests for liver disease severity and prognosis.<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/britishlivertrust.org.uk\/information-and-support\/statistics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">British Liver Trust. Liver disease in numbers.<\/a><\/li><\/ol><p><strong>Medical disclaimer:<\/strong> This article is educational and does not replace personalised medical advice, diagnosis or emergency assessment. FibroScan\u00ae is a registered trademark of Echosens.<\/p><p class=\"small\">Clinical content reviewed and updated: 2 August 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/section>\r\n<\/main>\r\n<footer><div><strong>UKSONO Healthcare<\/strong><br>Private diagnostic ultrasound and preventive health screening.<\/div><div>Canary Wharf \u00b7 Orpington \u00b7 Tunbridge Wells<br><strong>www.uksono.com<\/strong><\/div><\/footer>\r\n<\/body><\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Liver FibroScan\u00ae UK: Liver Fat, Fibrosis &#038; Cirrhosis Assessment | UKSONO Healthcare UKSONO HEALTHCARELiver FibroScan\u00ae \u00b7 Liver ultrasound \u00b7 Preventive liver assessment UKSONO HealthcareBook a Liver FibroScan\u00ae Evidence-based liver assessment Your liver. Your future. A comprehensive UK guide to Liver FibroScan\u00ae, liver fat, fibrosis, cirrhosis risk, clinical indications, result interpretation and the role of early [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":4273,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"full-width","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[63,67,66],"class_list":["post-6519","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-liver-fibroscan","tag-liver-function-test","tag-liver-scan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6519","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6519"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6519\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6524,"href":"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6519\/revisions\/6524"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4273"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6519"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6519"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uksono.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6519"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}